The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone

The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone

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  • Create Date:2021-07-08 09:55:29
  • Update Date:2025-09-06
  • Status:finish
  • Author:Olivia Laing
  • ISBN:1782111255
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Summary

What does it mean to be lonely? How do we live, if we're not intimately engaged with another human being? How do we connect with other people? Does technology draw us closer together or trap us behind screens?

When Olivia Laing moved to New York City in her mid-thirties, she found herself inhabiting loneliness on a daily basis。 Increasingly fascinated by this most shameful of experiences, she began to explore the lonely city by way of art。 Moving fluidly between works and lives -- from Edward Hopper's Nighthawks to Andy Warhol's Time Capsules, from Henry Darger's hoarding to the depredations of the AIDS crisis -- Laing conducts an electric, dazzling investigation into what it means to be alone, illuminating not only the causes of loneliness but also how it might be resisted and redeemed。

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Reviews

Maddy Lewis

My favourite work of Laing’s thats I’ve read so far。 Really wonderful exploration on loneliness through several artists and their works。Some chapters are stronger than others。 I felt parts on Hopper, Warhol, Wojnarowicz and Darger to be insightful, vulnerable and touching。

Alice Abraham

It took a while for me to finish this book。。 I had to pause several times after a read few paragraphs。。Sometimes I read, I reread, underlined sentence after sentence and paragraphs。 The Lonely City is a well researched book but without much academic jargons。 Laing writes with so much empathy and compassion about the lives of artists such as Andy Warhol, Edward Hopper, David Wojnariwicz, and many others whose lonely childhood impacted their adult lives and the art they produced。 Something that t It took a while for me to finish this book。。 I had to pause several times after a read few paragraphs。。Sometimes I read, I reread, underlined sentence after sentence and paragraphs。 The Lonely City is a well researched book but without much academic jargons。 Laing writes with so much empathy and compassion about the lives of artists such as Andy Warhol, Edward Hopper, David Wojnariwicz, and many others whose lonely childhood impacted their adult lives and the art they produced。 Something that this book helped me realize is the different forms loneliness takes; not only is loneliness a fear of attachment and rejection, but Laing brings up the pain and loneliness of sickness, of homelessness, and mentions how some loneliness is institutionalized through exclusion in race and class。I particularly liked her insights about our dependence on screens and the sense of connection we feel online: "And it only took a few missed connections or lack of likes for the loneliness to resurface, to be flooded with the bleak sense of having failed to make contact。" Also how important it is understand amidst the shine 'of late capitalism, we are fed the notion that all difficult feelings - depression, anxiety, loneliness, rage - are simply a consequence of unsettled chemistry, a problem to be fixed, rather than a response to structural injustice。。' Some sections of the book felt like it was wandering off the topic and less focussed 。 Nevertheless it was an insightful reading experience。 。。。more

Chloe

3。5 stars。 I learned a lot from this book, about art, artists, counterculture, those who occupy cultural margins。 It wasn't quite what I was expecting, in that Olivia Laing speaks less about loneliness itself than she analyzes how it applies to renowned artists and their art world。 It's a unique book that I enjoyed, as usually do with genre-bending and -blending, but Laing gave less of an impact than I had hoped for。 3。5 stars。 I learned a lot from this book, about art, artists, counterculture, those who occupy cultural margins。 It wasn't quite what I was expecting, in that Olivia Laing speaks less about loneliness itself than she analyzes how it applies to renowned artists and their art world。 It's a unique book that I enjoyed, as usually do with genre-bending and -blending, but Laing gave less of an impact than I had hoped for。 。。。more

Wu Shih

Relazioni impensate fra arte e solitudine。 Molto interessante。

Marks54

Olivia Laing is a British writer who has written a book about being alone in New York City。 The book was first published in 2016 but I do not recall when I first encountered it。 As with many books where I lack a clear rationale for reading, this one got moved off the queue。 I thought about it again recently in taking stock of how the world appeared to be coming out of the pandemic and coming back to life。 Laing’s book was appealing because New York was one of the last places I had been able to v Olivia Laing is a British writer who has written a book about being alone in New York City。 The book was first published in 2016 but I do not recall when I first encountered it。 As with many books where I lack a clear rationale for reading, this one got moved off the queue。 I thought about it again recently in taking stock of how the world appeared to be coming out of the pandemic and coming back to life。 Laing’s book was appealing because New York was one of the last places I had been able to visit before the plague struck and the lockdowns began。 I love the city and cannot wait to get back on visit。 The timing also raised the further question of how her reflections appear in the light of COVID-19, although the book was written before the pandemic。Then I realized I had failed in my due diligence。 I had not noticed that this is not just a book about Laing’s reflections on being along。 The second part of the title is informative - “Adventures in the Art of Being Alone”。 This is also a book about art and the artists whose work was associated with loneliness in New York。 So along with her own story about living alone in Brooklyn and Manhattan, Laing also tells the stories of a number of artists, some well known and others less known, but focusing on Edward Hopper, Andy Warhol, Henry Darger, and David Wojnarowicz。 There is also some good history on the changeover from the rundown Manhattan of the late 1970s to its modern version, with Disney dominating Times Square。 This is engaging material and I ended up looking up the work of these artists in conjunction with the chapters。 In addition, I just finished Louis Menand’s “The Free World” and there is some overlap with his treatments of the American art scene - although not that much。Laing is a wonderful writer and this is a thoughtful book which I heartily recommend。 。。。more

Evie

Choosing to read this as my last book before leaving my friends and our uni house and moving back home to prepare for a life of atomisation and isolation on the corporate ladder was possibly a sign of some inner turmoil。 Unfortunately, The Lonely City, while by no means incompetent, did not function particularly well as either engaging memoir, a factor of the book which seemed to be at once dull and inconsequential, or revelatory social criticism, her attempts at which could hardly be illuminati Choosing to read this as my last book before leaving my friends and our uni house and moving back home to prepare for a life of atomisation and isolation on the corporate ladder was possibly a sign of some inner turmoil。 Unfortunately, The Lonely City, while by no means incompetent, did not function particularly well as either engaging memoir, a factor of the book which seemed to be at once dull and inconsequential, or revelatory social criticism, her attempts at which could hardly be illuminating to anybody with even a moderate knowledge of these artists or the AIDS crisis。 Indeed, her coverage of the latter directly borrows so often from writers like Susan Sontag and Sarah Schulman that one is constantly reminded of how much this has been covered before, both more in depth and more movingly by people nearer the events。 So much of this book is cobbled together from other biographies and the diaries of its subjects, all of which I wished I were reading instead。 Certainly this is a book which has added to my reading list and sparked some new interest in its subjects, but, in and of itself, it really is nothing more than passable。 。。。more

Ismat Ara

The opening chapter on Edward Hopper is one of the best descriptions of the work of an artist who deals with chronic loneliness and mental illnesses。 It is easily one of the finest accounts that I have ever read - exploring his work's greatness as well as shallowness, albeit deeply rooted into patriarchy。 Never before have I been interested in the artists more than in the art。 I read about several artists who I now believe should be made mandatory syllabus in schools for children, and about fasc The opening chapter on Edward Hopper is one of the best descriptions of the work of an artist who deals with chronic loneliness and mental illnesses。 It is easily one of the finest accounts that I have ever read - exploring his work's greatness as well as shallowness, albeit deeply rooted into patriarchy。 Never before have I been interested in the artists more than in the art。 I read about several artists who I now believe should be made mandatory syllabus in schools for children, and about fascinating subjects ranging from weird science experiments to the theory of loneliness。 Reading this book was a beautiful experience, and I could relate with the book more than I have ever related with anything that any person has said。 。。。more

mel

this is so beautifully written

Michelle

I thought it would be more like advice on living alone in the city, but it was a series of histories of lonely artists, and how loneliness affected their lives。 I learned a lot; it just wasn't what I was hoping for。 I thought it would be more like advice on living alone in the city, but it was a series of histories of lonely artists, and how loneliness affected their lives。 I learned a lot; it just wasn't what I was hoping for。 。。。more

Uyen

the last section of the book rlly slowed the reading process down for me -- but it was still a poignant book/observation on loneliness and existing with it。

Catchingfire

“What matters is kindness; what matters is solidarity。 What matters is staying alert, staying open, because if we know anything from what has gone before us, it is that the time for feeling will not last。”This book made me feel seen in the strangest ways possible。 The loneliness that I have felt, time and time again, because of my idiosyncrasies and anxieties was never something I thought other people had experienced before me。 This book was hard to read because it was sad and painful, but it al “What matters is kindness; what matters is solidarity。 What matters is staying alert, staying open, because if we know anything from what has gone before us, it is that the time for feeling will not last。”This book made me feel seen in the strangest ways possible。 The loneliness that I have felt, time and time again, because of my idiosyncrasies and anxieties was never something I thought other people had experienced before me。 This book was hard to read because it was sad and painful, but it also made me think of the fact that society has betrayed and let people down and acceptance and love go such a long way。 。。。more

مَجْد

كتاب مؤنس。

OSAMA

اسوء ترجمة ، ما قدرت اكمل الكتاب لسببين :١- الترجمه ٢- حتى المرحلة الي وصلتها في الكتاب مافي اي طاري للحلول ! ما ابغا اعرف ما مرت به من تجربه بدون ما تطرح معي الحل

Nico

“Città sola” non è un saggio come tanti。 “Città sola” è una testimonianza di solitudine tanto accorata。 L’autrice, Olivia Laing, mette tanto di sé in quest’opera, rendendola un monito di vita。 Non ho mai letto un libro così sincero e vulnerabile。 Il poter vedere nell’arte non la cura, ma la forza empatica per uscire dalla condizione di solitudine è un messaggio altissimo: poter donare all’arte la forza propulsiva del messaggio che cela。 Rivivere la vita di grandi artisti come Andy Warhol, David “Città sola” non è un saggio come tanti。 “Città sola” è una testimonianza di solitudine tanto accorata。 L’autrice, Olivia Laing, mette tanto di sé in quest’opera, rendendola un monito di vita。 Non ho mai letto un libro così sincero e vulnerabile。 Il poter vedere nell’arte non la cura, ma la forza empatica per uscire dalla condizione di solitudine è un messaggio altissimo: poter donare all’arte la forza propulsiva del messaggio che cela。 Rivivere la vita di grandi artisti come Andy Warhol, David Wojnraovic, Klaus Nomi, e tanti altri, è la prova che la solitudine può essere sfruttata a proprio vantaggio, può diventare compagna del proprio percorso di vita。 Tutti soffriamo, tutti ci siamo sentiti soli almeno una volta nella vita, l’importante è capire che non siamo realmente soli。 Siamo una comunità e come tale dobbiamo vivere praticando l’empatia reciproca, siamo una città sola。 。。。more

Rebecca

Well written and deeply felt。

makayla n

DNF。 hoping to return to this later :(

René

There's some good writing in this, but overall I don't think the idea behind this came off that well。 Or maybe I just find the title and subtitle misleading。 I picked this up mainly for the Henry Darger chapter。 At first I thought that chapter was refreshing in that the author wasn't falling into the trap of diagnosing Darger posthumously like so many writers about him have done。 But then she pretty much diagnosed him anyway。 I also think the Darger chapter was weakened by the lack of any deeper There's some good writing in this, but overall I don't think the idea behind this came off that well。 Or maybe I just find the title and subtitle misleading。 I picked this up mainly for the Henry Darger chapter。 At first I thought that chapter was refreshing in that the author wasn't falling into the trap of diagnosing Darger posthumously like so many writers about him have done。 But then she pretty much diagnosed him anyway。 I also think the Darger chapter was weakened by the lack of any deeper discussion about Darger's home city, Chicago。 This book isn't about loneliness in cities in general, or the loneliness of "the city" (meaning, any urban area), but about New York City specifically。 The author was compelled to write the book after spending time there and what purportedly strings the book together is the loneliness she felt while she stayed there。 Then she focuses on particular artists whose work she feels speaks to the loneliness of New York and to her experience there。 In terms of loneliness itself, you almost can't get any lonelier an artist than outsider artist supreme/recluse/former institution resident turned poor janitor Henry Darger。 Except Darger lived nearly his whole life in Chicago, not New York, even if it seems the bulk of his work is now housed in an archives in the latter city。 How did the Chicago of Darger's time (1930s-70s) seep into the strange and lonely world he created in his collages, painting, hoardings, and writings? How did the city's high crime rate and violence (Darger obsessed for years over a child kidnapping and murder, a crime that was common in Chicago in that time), corruption and sensationalistic news media (Darger combed trash cans in allies for discarded newspapers and magazines), poverty and working-class/blue-collar culture (much more identified with Chicago than New York, and poverty certainly lends itself to loneliness), Midwestern weather patterns (Darger obsessively kept a weather journal after all, as well as wrote a lengthy autobiography that centered on a massive tornado called "Sweetie Pie"), and religious environment (Chicago is a predominantly Catholic city, and Darger attended Mass multiple times a day) add to Darger's isolation and allow for someone like him to slip through the cracks and go unknown until his death? Laing makes no effort to understand the city he came from, only the one he never even went to, and thus we the readers lose out on a chance to consider how different cities convey or breed loneliness in like and unlike ways and how art from different cities speak to universal experiences of loneliness to people living in very different parts of the world。 Laing notes that she went to Chicago to the Intuit Museum to see the recreated shoebox apartment Darger lived in--but did she check out any other part of the city? The neighborhood he lived in, the former sites of any the places he lived and worked, the church he attended, the allies he combed for materials for his art? Apparently not。 She doesn't even get the street names right。 It's even more bizarre considering she also drags in another outsider artist, street photographer Vivian Maier, much of whose work captured the people on the streets of Chicago and was only discovered, like Darger, after death。 What does it say that Chicago was the home of two starkly different but extraordinary artists living during the same era, who both went completely under radar until after death? (My recommendation for anyone reading this book would be to follow up by reading Thomas Dyja's The Third Coast, which does a better job of connecting Darger to the lonely city in decline around him。) Other artists she discusses are Edward Hopper, Andy Warhol (plus his attacker, Valerie Solanas), David Wojnarowicz, Zoe Leonard, Josh Harris, Klaus Nomi, Jean Michel Basquiat, and (in passing) Greta Garbo, Vivian Maier, and Billie Holiday。 There are a couple other opportunities to discuss cities apart from NYC (namely, San Francisco and Pittsburgh) and their impact on the sensibility of the artists connected to them (Warhol, Solanas, Harris, and Wojnarowicz), but Laing doesn't follow up, even as she mentions how profoundly these places shaped or changed their lives or confirmed their outsider status。Though I was not familiar with Wojnarowicz before reading this, I get the sense that comments by other reviewers that she rehashed too much of his own autobiographical writing and details are correct。 I also felt she let her fascination with him take over the whole book to the detriment of discussion about other artists and ideas, especially Klaus Nomi。 The chapter about him really got away and devolved into more Wojnarowicz worship。 It was like she used the fact that Nomi died of AIDS an just another angle to discuss Wojnarowicz, who also died of AIDS, albeit almost a decade after Nomi, who died early on in the epidemic when few people knew much about AIDS and were still calling it "the gay cancer。" Nomi died alone, which only makes me more angry that Laing didn't devote more time to focusing solely on him。 Couldn't she have investigated more about his life and his art, his distinct countertenor voice and the unusualness of his voice in the pop world, and the loss of roles for countertenors in opera that propelled Nomi first into vaudeville then into pop music? The loneliness of having a specialized gift? Or how AIDS devastated the opera and music worlds? Seems like there's some rich material there for discussing the theme of loneliness (and NYC's diverse but still isolated art scene), but Laing instead goes on about Wojnarowicz again。 And I have nothing against this guy--his work sounds powerful and I'll be sure to look into his stuff more。 But if Laing wanted to write a David Wojnarowicz biography, she should've just written a David Wojnarowicz biography。 。。。more

Maryam ✨

*وفي البدءِأوصيك بالخاسرينالذين يرون الخسارة فن。- محمد عبدالبارييمثّل إلي هذا الكتاب إعادة تدوير الخسارة وتحويلها إلى فن تعزّي به نفسك، تحكي الكاتبة عن ألم الوحدة الذي تجرّعته بعدما هجرها حبيبها وهي التي هاجرت لنيويورك من أجله، عاشت وحيدة بعدما قررت البقاء في أكثر مدن العالم اكتظاظًا بالبشر。من خلال جرح الهجر والوحدة، ظهر النور لأوليفيا حينما تعرّفت على أعمال أربعة من أشهر فناني القرن العشرين ، الذين استعملوا ثيمة الوحدة بشكل مكثّف في أعمالهم الفنية ، أربعة فنانين عاشوا تجربة المدينة الوحيدة والع *وفي البدءِأوصيك بالخاسرينالذين يرون الخسارة فن。- محمد عبدالبارييمثّل إلي هذا الكتاب إعادة تدوير الخسارة وتحويلها إلى فن تعزّي به نفسك، تحكي الكاتبة عن ألم الوحدة الذي تجرّعته بعدما هجرها حبيبها وهي التي هاجرت لنيويورك من أجله، عاشت وحيدة بعدما قررت البقاء في أكثر مدن العالم اكتظاظًا بالبشر。من خلال جرح الهجر والوحدة، ظهر النور لأوليفيا حينما تعرّفت على أعمال أربعة من أشهر فناني القرن العشرين ، الذين استعملوا ثيمة الوحدة بشكل مكثّف في أعمالهم الفنية ، أربعة فنانين عاشوا تجربة المدينة الوحيدة والعزلة حتى بين جموع البشر وكانوا : إدوارد هوپر، آندي وارهول، هنري دارجر، وديڤيد وونناروڤيتش。الكتاب بالمجمل رائع، رغم شعوري بحشو لا معنى له。 بالنهاية:"إن كنت وحيدًاإن كنتِ وحيدةًفهذا الكتاب موجه إليك。" 。。。more

Lavelle

Motivated by Laing’s own experiences living alone in New York City, and her fascination with the somewhat unique character of isolation as experienced in bustling, urban settings, this book is a stunning exploration of loneliness through psychology, sociology, and most strikingly, art。Laing’s prose is occasionally heavy with jargon and analysis - but as someone who's always wanted to understand more about art, I really appreciated the detail she went into (though some of the art discussions went Motivated by Laing’s own experiences living alone in New York City, and her fascination with the somewhat unique character of isolation as experienced in bustling, urban settings, this book is a stunning exploration of loneliness through psychology, sociology, and most strikingly, art。Laing’s prose is occasionally heavy with jargon and analysis - but as someone who's always wanted to understand more about art, I really appreciated the detail she went into (though some of the art discussions went over my head, of course)。 It’s also not really a self-help book or overtly prescriptive in any regard, but simply a musing on the sensation of loneliness/solitude, and how it is portrayed/demonstrated through art。Yet, having your feelings of isolation (which, 99% of the time, feels unique to you, which is exactly WHY you feel so alone) reflected back at you…there was a slight comfort in that。 And seeing how loneliness can turn into something else, something beautiful, that can touch others—like paintings, or a book—that was somehow reassuring, too。⁣ 。。。more

Britt-marie

I loved reading this book。 The connection the author makes between the artists and their art, their childhoods and adult lives was so interesting and thought provoking。 It brought out an empathy and understanding for a group of humanity that I had never thought of before。

Kristi Marshae

‘Learning how to befriend ourselves。’

Haidey Enan

المدينة الوحيدة: مغامرات في فن البقاء وحيدًا - أوليفيا لاينغهنالك العديد من الأشياء التي لا يمكن للفن فعلها。 لا يمكن للفن إحياء الموتى، لا يمكن للفن حل المشاكل بين الأصدقاء، أو حل مشكلة الاحتباس الحراري。 ورغم هذا، فإن للفن بعض الوظائف الخارقة للعادة، قدرة غريبة للتفاوض بين البشر، خاصة بين أولئك الذين لم يسبق لهم الالتقاء من قبل والذين بإمكانهم أن يثروا ويكملوا حياة بعضهم البعض。 وله أيضًا قدرة على خلق الألفة؛ لديه طريقة مميزة يشفي بها الجروح، وأفضل من هذا بإمكانه أن يوضح لنا أنه ليست كل الجروح بح المدينة الوحيدة: مغامرات في فن البقاء وحيدًا - أوليفيا لاينغهنالك العديد من الأشياء التي لا يمكن للفن فعلها。 لا يمكن للفن إحياء الموتى، لا يمكن للفن حل المشاكل بين الأصدقاء، أو حل مشكلة الاحتباس الحراري。 ورغم هذا، فإن للفن بعض الوظائف الخارقة للعادة، قدرة غريبة للتفاوض بين البشر، خاصة بين أولئك الذين لم يسبق لهم الالتقاء من قبل والذين بإمكانهم أن يثروا ويكملوا حياة بعضهم البعض。 وله أيضًا قدرة على خلق الألفة؛ لديه طريقة مميزة يشفي بها الجروح، وأفضل من هذا بإمكانه أن يوضح لنا أنه ليست كل الجروح بحاجة للشفاء وليست كل الندوب قبيحة。أوليڤيا لاينغ، المرأة التي انتقلت إلى مدينة نيويورك لأنها كانت واقعة في الحب، وفجأة دون سابق إنذار، وبعد أن تركت موطنها في لندن، غيّر حبيبها رأيه ولم يعد يريد أن يعيش معها في نيويورك。 وفي غياب الحب، وجدت نفسها تتمسك بيأس بالمدينة ذاتها: وقررت البقاء في نيويورك وحيدة لتبدأ رحلة الشفاء الطويلة。 في هذه الرحلة تعرّفت أوليڤيا على أعمال أربعة من أهم فناني القرن العشرين، والذين تناولوا ثيمة الوحدة بشكّل مكثف في أعمالهم: إدوارد هوپر، آندي وارهول، هنري دارجر، وديڤيد وونناروڤيتش。 لم يكونوا جميعًا سكانًا دائمين للمدينة الوحيدة، ولكنهم كانوا يعرفون الكثير عن المسافات بين البشر، ومعنى شعورنا بالوحدة حتى ونحن بين الجموع。ترجمة: محمد الضبع 。。。more

Annjana

Touching upon loneliness in music, art, city living and hearing about the effect of loneliness on the art by the artists was intriguing。 Def a good read and will prolly read again as this seems like a book you see differently / notice something different each time you read。

Hannah

There are many things I understand well enough to interpret, wade through, or piece together, and art is not one of them。 I’ve always felt there’s a lot to know before you can understand and appreciate art for what it is, and I’m missing that background。 Laing has that knowledge and acts as a guide, helping me understand art through context (and once that’s done, understand context through art)。 The intermingled memoir makes it accessible; loneliness as universal and the author as ourselves。

Aishwarya

dnf at 36%

Selin

This book broached the intimate and vulnerable subject of loneliness via review and interpretation of a number of visual artists work and lives。 Ironically, this analytical approach fo loneliness made it seem sterile and impersonal。 While it was interesting to learn about the personal histories and sociocultural settings of the select artists, it was missing personal touch。2 star cuz I was expecting warmer and softer, objective 3 cause it wasn't actually bad。 This book broached the intimate and vulnerable subject of loneliness via review and interpretation of a number of visual artists work and lives。 Ironically, this analytical approach fo loneliness made it seem sterile and impersonal。 While it was interesting to learn about the personal histories and sociocultural settings of the select artists, it was missing personal touch。2 star cuz I was expecting warmer and softer, objective 3 cause it wasn't actually bad。 。。。more

Vishal

Amazingly written and so educational。 I know I'll keep coming back to this book。 Amazingly written and so educational。 I know I'll keep coming back to this book。 。。。more

Rachel

I could not put this book down。 I have definitely found a new favorite author/writer in Olivia Laing。 The essays were so fascinating and well researched and filled with such heart and humanity that I couldn’t help but fall so completely into this book。 Living in NYC currently, it also was a special read with my feeling a much more personal connection to these essays。

Lukasz

DNF at 50% cause it isn’t really for me - maybe it’s my fault that I expected some kind of essays on loneliness and the experience of living surrounded only by some sad-looking buildings, but this book is more of an analysis on lives of five artists the author fancies。 Wish there were more parts about her own experience that didn’t last like three pages。

Irenelazia

Analisi molto interessante sul senso di solitudine che può sentire ognuno di noi indipendentemente da quanto affollato sia il mondo che viviamo quotidianamente。 Particolarmente emozionante è stato leggere del periodo in cui l'AIDS è iniziato a dilagare; il senso di solitudine e di abbandono provato da chi ne era affetto o da chi apparteneva ad una delle comunità considerate portatrici di questa malattia deve essere stato lacerante。 Analisi molto interessante sul senso di solitudine che può sentire ognuno di noi indipendentemente da quanto affollato sia il mondo che viviamo quotidianamente。 Particolarmente emozionante è stato leggere del periodo in cui l'AIDS è iniziato a dilagare; il senso di solitudine e di abbandono provato da chi ne era affetto o da chi apparteneva ad una delle comunità considerate portatrici di questa malattia deve essere stato lacerante。 。。。more